Friday, January 13, 2006

Bigfoot Information Project - Dedicated to advancing the understanding and acceptance of North America's great apes













Interview with John Green
By Gerry Matthews
On July 23, 2004, contributor Gerry Matthews interviewed author John Green at his home in Harrison Hot Springs, B.C., Canada. Green's seminal work, "Sasquatch: The Apes Among Us", is widely regarded as the bible of sasquatch writings. It is being reprinted this year and is available from Hancock House Publishers.

John Green
John Green at his home, July 2004
23 July 2004 - Harrison Hot Springs, B.C., Canada
BIP: Every time I come into Harrison, I look up at the mountains around this beautiful lake and I think of the old Indian tales about how the sasquatch used to hold Summer reunions over on Mt Morris and stories of people being chased by the creature. Did you ever set much store in those stories in the early days?
JG: I'm not any kind of expert on Indian information. The culture that we live in is almost unique in making a clear distinction between the real and the unreal. We have to assign everything to one side or the other. Most cultures have not and do not do that, including the culture of the Indians of North America.
BIP: You're referring to how important myths are...?
JG: My whole career in this is trying to answer the question of where this animal fits into reality. This is a question that in the Indian culture hasn't even asked. So information from within that culture doesn't help answer this question.
BIP: When you first came to Harrison, you ran a newspaper here, correct?
JG: Well, in Agassiz.
BIP: In Agassiz. I'm sorry. You knew of J. W. Burns?
JG: He was no longer here. I never met him.
BIP: But you knew of the stories he had told.
JG: I grew up in Vancouver where the stories were familiar.
BIP: You were pretty much a skeptic back in those days?
JG: Yes.
BIP: So what happened? What made you believe-
JG: Well, for one thing, the word "believe" really isn't appropriate. It's used all the time, but it's ridiculous. I encountered what would in any other case be considered solid evidence that there was something to this.
BIP: Was this the set of tracks that were found in Eureka?
JG: No, it was before that. In 1957 Harrison got a lot of publicity by proposing to have a sasquatch hunt during the BC centennial celebration. A fellow who worked for me was talking to the custodian at the high school named Esse Tyfting. This subject had become quite a topic of conversation. This man had seen the tracks at Ruby Creek back in 1941. I knew he was a well respected person so I went and talked to him. He described the tracks and even drew an outline of how he recalled them.
BIP: Unfortunately, there were no casts.
William Roe Sasquatch
Female sasquatch as witnessed by William Roe (sketch by Roe's daughter)
JG: There was a cast. By this time it no longer existed. It had been made by a deputy sheriff who had come up from Bellingham. A man who'd been investigating this. I don't know that much about him, but one of his children did tell us that he had a whole room full of material when he died, so he obviously was seriously investigating it. One of the family gave me a tracing of this cast that matched superficially the drawing that had been made by Esse. It was actually on the floor of a garage that he was building, so of course I didn't have it, but it appeared very similar to the tracing that I received a few months later from the deputy's family.
The other thing is that the local game guide was Jack Kirkman. His wife Martha was a cousin of Mrs. George Chapman who had seen the creature at Ruby Creek. The Kirkman's were friends of ours so I talked about it with them. She had said the experience had pretty well ruined her cousin's life. She had become an alcoholic and it was something she couldn't get over. Then I talked later on to Mr. and Mrs. Chapman, but I hadn't known them previously. It was the association with these two people who I did know, and of course in the newspaper business getting information from people and deciding if it was accurate is part of the job. These people seemed entirely credible. With regard to the footprints, we had contacted other people who had seen them since they required an explanation.
Then there were other accounts that came out because the Vancouver newspapers made a really big thing out of the sasquatch hunt idea. They literally had sasquatch included in their front page index for quite a few weeks. They were generating stories. One of those was a fellow from Vernon who had a sighting up near Flood between Chilliwack and Hope in 1955.
The other was a very detailed description by a fellow up at Tete Jaune Cache by the name of William Roe whom I later learned was in contact with a zoologist about Buffalo and was considered to be a very reliable and informed source. I never met Roe. He was living in Cloverdale at the time the story came out, but he moved to Edmonton very shortly afterward. He did send me a written account of what he had seen and he went to the city hall and had it attested to.
Green and Ostman
John Green and Albert Ostman
BIP: Is that not the same thing Ostman did?
JG: Well, I took the local magistrate to see Ostman.
BIP: That was your idea to have an affidavit?
JG: At that time I thought that this would have some effect in making these things be taken more seriously. Turns out that was not the case so I don't bother doing it anymore.
BIP: We all know that footprints are the main source of evidence of the sasquatch, except for the Skookum Cast, obviously.
JG: I like to look at it in the opposite way. The footprints are real. Indisputably real. They require an explanation.
BIP: As Dahinden said, something's making the goddamn footprints!
JG: Something's making them. Yeah, right. It's getting awfully close to fifty years ago. No explanation for those footprints, other than the existence of an animal with feet like that and sufficient weight, has been presented.
BIP: How many casts do you own?
JG: Oh, I think maybe about 10 or 12.
Bluff Creek Track
Photo by Lyle Laverty of a track left by the Patterson/Gimlin film subject showing a midtarsal break.
BIP: Which is your most impressive cast in your mind?
JG: [Pause] Probably an unusual one from the casts that Bob Titmus made at the Patterson/Gimlin film site. There's a real break in the middle of it. For years we just assumed that it had stepped on a stick, but when Jeff Meldrum was studying the casts, he pointed out very quickly that there is a twig sticking out of the ground right beside it, but this had nothing to do with it. The imprint was made by a foot that bends in a way that human feet don't.
BIP: The midtarsal break?
JG: Yes, the midtarsal break. I just have a plastic copy of the that one, but I think that is the most impressive footprint now that this information has come out.
BIP: I'd like to just touch of a minute or two on the subject of your database. Would you consider yours to be the largest?
JG: No, the BFRO now has a larger one that's growing like a weed. On the other hand, there are so many reports now that I've given up on it.
BFRO Database
The BFRO's online database.
BIP: With the advent of the Internet, I'd imagine reports are flooding in.
JG: At least a half dozen a day on the one site. There's one other thing to say about the BFRO database. You can't access it. If you want to know how many footprints were 16" long, you'd have to go through the whole 8,000 or whatever reports.
BIP: No cross-reference.
JG: Mine's cross-referenced.
BIP: You finally got that done? I remember reading in an interview you did a couple of years ago that you were working on a cross-referenced database.
JG: Yeah, well, it was always cross-referenced, but it was a matter of getting all of the material into it. I have to do it myself. I can't just hire someone and say, "You do it." There's too much double-checking and weighing to be done.
BIP: So yes, the database still exists and yes, you are the one in charge of it? People are wondering whether or not you have someone else taking care of the database for you.
JG: No. The problem now is it's on antique software. The software won't even run properly on anything beyond Windows 98. Well, it'll run, but it will - and I presume this can be corrected - but it only uses half the screen when you use it on Windows XP. You can see a great deal less, so that's not handy at all.
BIP: So it's in a DOS program?
JG: Yeah. It can be converted, but this is not easy either. I haven't done it, but Richard Greenwell and a professor down in Tucson are working with it in some other computer set up. But you see, now it's getting rapidly out of date.
BIP: The technology's not keeping up?
JG: Well, I'm not keeping up. [Laughs]
BIP: Based on the reports that you've amassed over the years, could you speculate why you think sasquatch scares us so much?
JG: It may be just because it's unfamiliar. I don't think that would be my reaction.
BIP: Different people do have different reactions. There are reports where people don't claim to have any fear at all during their encounter.
JG: Well, I'm afraid of cougars but if I saw one I'd probably just tend to watch it.
BIP: But, in the reports you get people who first mention the smell and then a feeling of panic -
JG: There could be a inherited genetic reaction. It's way beyond my expertise. They're talking now about the possibility that sasquatch communicate in ultrasound. That might cause a reaction in us if that turns out to be the case.
BIP: By the same token, based on some reports, it seems possible that they can detect infrared light emissions from camera traps, etc.
JG: Yeah, that's another possibility.
BIP: Hence another reason why there's no photos of Sasquatch.
JG: So far, I'm not aware of any camera trap pictures.
BIP: It's pretty well taken for granted based on reports of people who have had encounters while using a flashlight and such and who have seen the red glare from the eyes that sasquatch could have excellent night vision.
JG: Well, they certainly have some degree of good night vision since they're so active at night. The eye thing is a problem. When you have, as in the case of my database, almost the same number of reports at night as in the daytime and when you consider all the handicaps of the potential observers at night, it seems to me solid evidence that they're far more active at night than in the daytime.
BIP: Couldn't one also say that the great number of sightings around water - lakes, rivers, the seashore - could be explained by the fact that those areas are also where people congregate and so that's where people see them?
JG: Yes, that's certainly a consideration.
BIP: It's not so much that these areas are those where they habitat, but that these are areas where people go and have the opportunity to have an encounter. It's kind of hard to speculate what their habitat is, where they like to travel, what routes they like to use...
JG: We're nowhere near being able to do those things. As I said, it's nearly fifty years we've been trying to find patterns and my approach to it now, and for many years, is that they don't have patterns. If they did, we'd have found them long ago.
BIP: Also, along that line - and this is a bit of a bone of contention with some people who follow this subject - in your opinion is Sasquatch strictly a Northwest phenomenon as opposed to people who think sasquatch runs from Alaska to the Florida panhandle. There have been sightings all over North America .
JG: The sightings everywhere else are just as good as the sightings in the Northwest. This is just where people were first made aware of them.
BIP: There are reports from people who give the creatures human traits and characteristics. There are reports of sasquatch coming the aid of people lost in the forest, sasquatch helping an injured child...
JG: Well, we do have a zoo report of a gorilla doing exactly that. There's no reason to dismiss these out of hand, but on the other hand, there are so few of them that it would just take a very small number of people making things up to account for them.
BIP: There are some who think that a sasquatch should be killed and hopefully soon - just one - to prove that it does exist. Then the governments could enact legislation to protect these creatures. My take on it that there's more than enough land so that sasquatch does not need any kind of Federal protection, at least not for many years. Do you think that there's anything that is endangering sasquatch?
JG: I would say that real estate development in Florida is destroying a significant proportion of the habitat for the Skunk Ape, but overall in the continent, no, they have an immense area with very little human impact.
BIP: I did some figuring of the amount of untouched land in British Columbia, the Yukon, and Alaska and it is immense compared to the population of those areas. The land is vast.
JG: They don't need it to be untouched anyway.
BIP: How much land does one sasquatch need to roam in?
JG: I don't know.
BIP: Where do people come up with these figures like that?
JG: They're only guesses. I mean, there must be thousands of them to be in all the places they're reported but how many thousands...it's just a guess.
BIP: So it's just guesswork to say these creatures are on the verge extinction?
JG: Oh, that's ridiculous. They're not under any pressure at all. They obviously have never been numerous. It's certainly a possibility that the population was knocked down by the same diseases that wiped out so many of the Indians. They would presumably be susceptible to them just as the great apes are. But as to anything that's happening today causing them to become extinct, you can't make any case for that at all.
BIP: With the advent of the Internet, there's a lot more information about sasquatch available to people today. Does this make it easier to pull off a hoax?
JG: Oh yes, sure.
BIP: In 1970, if you received a report in California of an encounter with a good description of sasquatch followed by another corroborating report a year later from Alaska, wouldn't they validate each other?
JG: Not by 1970, no. The Patterson/Gimlin movie was out by then. In the early days, if you heard of anything, you went there. If you tried to do that today, I mean, forget it. That's exactly what the BFRO is trying to do and there's hundreds of them and they are not able to keep up.
BIP: I guess for every ten stories than come in, you have to make a choice of which one you will investigate.
JG: Well, out of ten there's five you will just write off. "The thing was in my living room." [Laughs] But all that the BFRO guarantees as to the reports on their website, that they actually post for the public, is that one of their investigators has made contact with a person who says, "Yes, I am responsible. This is what happened." There certainly is no possibility of doing a search of the site and investigating the character and history of the witness and all the things we would have gotten involved in in the beginning. You couldn't do it today.
BIP: How about hoaxers in general. Do they do any damage to the public's perception of bigfoot?
JG: Well, the media reaction certainly does. We've gone over the years through a phase where anything about this was news to where anyone who was doing something about it was news to where the only news nowadays is when people claim to have proven it's all a hoax.
BIP: Yes, I was going to ask you about that -
Denver Post Graphic
Graphic from Denver Post article "Bigfoot Believers". Click on the image for a ridiculously large version (GIF, 1.4MB)
JG: Oh, I missed one phase. There was a phase there when any scientist who showed an interest was news. We've now reached the extreme where some of the world's very top people in the relevant fields are very interested and are saying publicly that there should be proper investigation and this is not news. The only thing that's news is that the whole thing has proved to be a fake. The demonstration of that is very clear when this absolute nonsense story about Ray Wallace faking all the foot prints went all around the world in exactly the same time period the Denver Post ran a major article and sidebars on these key scientists who were saying it should be investigated, the Associated Press wouldn't even carry the story. It never went anywhere beyond Denver. To me as a newspaper man, this is absolutely shocking. I tried to contact some of those at Columbia University's long-established graduate school of journalism who keep a tab on the press and the response was, "Nobody here is interested in taking this up." In other words, for 40 years we've been butting our heads against a barrier manned by the scientists saying there can't be any such thing. Now they're stepping away from the ramparts and the media is stepping up to take their place. Absolutely fascinating. The media is seeing to it that this heresy does not get to the public.
BIP: It seems to be the case when you can bet that someone who has bigfoot living up in that attic would get more press than something like the Skookum cast would.
JG: Well...
BIP: They seem to want to relegate this to the tabloids and that's where the story stays.
JG: For example, right now, we have the proof - absolute and indisputable - that the Patterson film is genuine. The newspapers refuse to carry anything of that. It can't be sold so therefore they're not going to be taken in therefore they're not going to run the story. As a result of this silly book where people are claiming that they were involved in making the film we've gone back to looking at the film and realize that, although you can't establish beyond dispute the size of anything, you can establish the relative size of things that are right there in the same film frame. This creature has an intermembral index - the comparison of the length of the arms to the length of the legs - that is totally outside the human range so it cannot be a human in a suit, but it is also totally outside the range of any other known primate of any size at all. Therefore, it has to be an unknown primate. This can only be ignored, it cannot be argued against. All you can do is say, "Well, you can't measure properly on the film." Well, you can't measure precisely, but the different is so slight that it doesn't matter. The human intermembral index is around 70, all of the great apes are over 100, this thing is in the high 80's. The question of the angle of this segment of the arm to the camera and so on, if you look at enough frames, you've got to be able to get to it. And on top of that, we have a forensic animator who worked on the "Legend Meets Science" DVD. He says that they established beyond any question the relative length of where the joints were as the thing was moving and the intermembral index was pretty close to 90. This is a man who says when he was hired to work on the film he took it for granted it was a man in a suit.
BIP: Mr. Long and his book. People have read the book -
JG: Not many people have.
BIP: I haven't read it myself, but those who have say it is a mass of contradictions.
JG: Yes.
BIP: It befuddles your mind at times trying to see how he weighs his information and where he gets his information from and how it's all added together. I wanted to ask you what kind of an effect does this latest attack on the Patterson/Gimlin film have on the bigfoot community in general? Or does it have an effect?
JG: Well...it's very annoying. [Laughs] It would have had a very bad effect if it had been treated in the press the way that the Wallace thing was. Fortunately, that hasn't happened.
BIP: They pretty well ignored The Making of Bigfoot.
JG: Yes, they pretty well have.
BIP: Ignore it and maybe it'll go away.
JG: Well, it pretty much has. There is now an article in the Skeptical Enquirer, but I don't know how much circulation that has. That magazine is linked to the publishers of the book. Of course, the public doesn't know that. Other than that, there's been just minor publicity and a few local TV things. They did get one network TV exposure, but it wasn't favorable to them.
BIP: No, and isn't that amazing. It seems that anything about sasquatch that is picked up by the media is not favorable.
JG: Well, the host on the program is on our side like so many people not prepared to say so.
BIP: The "Four Horseman of the Sasquatch" were yourself, Rene Dahinden, Grover Krantz, and Peter Byrne. Dahinden and Krantz are no longer with us. Who do you see as the up and coming new faces of bigfoot research?
Titmus with tracks
Bob Titmus with casts.
JG: Well, the "Four Horseman" was nonsense from day one and any list would have to start with Bob Titmus. Today there's so many. There was a time when I had some knowledge of nearly anybody who was involved with this, but there's so many people in it now. Certainly, Matt Moneymaker creating the BFRO was terribly important. Certainly Rick Noll has done tremendous work. Jeff Meldrum, obviously, on the scientific end of it, is a star today. Henner Ferenbach has done quite a bit. John Bindernagel is making the links with the behavior of the great apes.
BIP: So there's no shortage of people to take up the flag before it hits the ground?
JG: Oh, heavens no. [Laughs] You know, the "Four Horseman" includes Peter Byrne who's just a well publicized fraud. It's ridiculous.
BIP: I take it you don't have too much contact with Peter Byrne?
JG: No. I saw enough of him 40 years ago.
BIP: Your books On the Track of the Sasquatch and The Year of the Sasquatch, which became Encounters with Bigfoot -
JG: Well, The Year of the Sasquatch was about a specific year. Encounters with Bigfoot is really just a part of the same book. I redid On the Track of the Sasquatch in 1980 and because it would have been too fat to be a saddle-stitched book, I divided it in two. You can also make more money that way. Charge more for two small books than one large one. Of course, people had the option of only buying one. So really, Encounters with Bigfoot is not a separate book. It's just that when I stopped selling books and turned it over to Hancock for which now I'm just an author, he brought out the second one with that title.
BIP: Your book The Best of Sasquatch, are there any new reports added to that one?
JG: No. Well, it isn't in that context. There's several additional short chapters. One is about the intermembral index. One is about other recent developments like the Skookum cast. One is about Ray Wallace. So there is some new material in there. The basic this is you had the Wallace thing that went around the world suddenly make the things that went on in 1958 newly relevant. Otherwise there probably never would have been another printing.
Jerry Crew
Jerry Crew holding a cast made at Bluff Creek in 1958. The tracks found at Bluff Creek and their subsequent media attention caused wide-spread public interest in the creature.
BIP: In 1958 -
JG: That's the bigfoot that Ray Wallace is supposed to have hoaxed.
BIP: In California in Eureka, yes.
JG: You see, I'm now in the situation where I'm the only person alive who investigated both the 'original' bigfoot and the Patterson/Gimlin bigfoot movie. Bob Titmus is gone. Rene Dahinden is gone. There weren't very many of us in the first place. There was only Rene, Bob Titmus and I in 1958 and even Rene wasn't there in '58 because he couldn't cross the border since he wasn't yet a Canadian citizen. I'm the only one who wrote about it.
BIP: This is not my question, but it's a very good question from some someone on the Bigfoot Forums. What is the greatest single piece of evidence that inspires you more than anything to keep on going in your research?
JG: Well, it's not a valid question since nothing of the sort is necessary. It's been interesting and I get a lot of satisfaction out of it so I'm just going to keep on doing it. It's been frustrating, but overall, I'm not in need of inspiration. The solidest evidence is another question. I think you've got to put the film at the top of the list. But then there's the Skookum cast which is very powerful.
BIP: At one time you said if the Skookum cast was investigated by reputable scientists who came to the conclusion that it was authentic, you might be persuaded that a body might not be necessary to prove that the creature exists.
JG: I'm now in the same position with regard to the film. The proof is there in the film. The problem is getting enough scientists to pay attention. The beautiful thing about the film is that it fits perfectly with the scientific method. Replicating the basis for the claim that it is genuine requires only a very little bit of effort once a person is provided a sufficient number frames from the film with which to make their own measurements. Say, "Here you have the dozen best frames from the movie from which to make a comparative estimate of the arms and the legs. What is your estimate?"
BIP: There was some very good work done by a few members of the Bigfoot Forums who did a lot of comparisons, frame by frame -
JG: But they don't have all the frames. Rick Noll and I are working on this right now - use a copy of the film and go through and pick out the frames in which you are best able to make this particular estimate. It won't include the most familiar stretch of the film because the feet are hidden. We don't know at this point whether we're going to find anything that's really good. You have to have, in the same frame, at least a half of the arm and a half of the leg square to the camera. There may not be such a frame. You can certainly have one or the other, but if they're not in the same frame, that adds complications. Fortunately, Patterson's film was taken not from a standing height. He's much closer to being in the mid-point of the creature's height so there's certainly no significant distortion because the arm was taken dead-on and the leg was at an angle. We have to pick out which frames from which you can best make an estimate. They have to be frames that are not digitized. They need to be straight enlargements from the movie so nobody can argue they've been fiddled with in a computer. And, if you're going to get them to - I hope - dozens of people, then you're going to have to have a lot of them. So you're starting to run up a significant cost. There's a lot of money and effort involved in getting people to look at them.
I wanted the Skookum cast to be taken around the continent. We had several good starting points of someone who said yes, they'd like to look at it. The first question was could we get everyone to look at it where it is, but that's very expensive.
Jeff Meldrum and the Skookum cast
Dr. Jeff Meldrum with the Skookum Cast.
Image © 2000 by Richard Noll.
BIP: So Rick Noll is the present caretaker of the cast?
JG: Yeah, but Rick is concerned that it could be destroyed on the highway.
BIP: Which is valid.
JG: I would take the chance, but I'm not him and it's not my cast. At one time it looked as if LeRoy Fish and I would take it around. But he died. So the next thing was to find out if we could make a copy of it. The expertise to do that was to come from Grover Krantz. And he died. It's very difficult to copy because there's all sorts of interlocking elements in it. Traditionally, you just paint many coats of latex and back it with gauze and so on, then peel it off and then you can make another cast with that. But this one would have to be done in many pieces, I expect. Again, I'm no expert. Bob Titmus could have done it. He used to say he could make a plaster cast of an elephant if you were prepared to pay for it. [Laughs] I have found a couple of people who say they can do it, but it's getting pretty obvious that Rick is just scared to have it done.
The biggest problem with seeing the cast for what it is is that it's inversed. That works OK with a footprint cast because you immediately react to it as the bottom of a foot. But this thing is just a bunch of unidentifiable little slopes and valleys with hair imprinted on them. We've learned from experience that it takes a person quite a long time to really get the hang of it. I mean, they had enough trouble when they saw it as an imprint making out what it was. Took them a while to figure it out - they had already stepped on it, fortunately not in a critical place - before they realized what they were dealing with. It would work better, I think, if it was displayed on a wall. When you're looking down at it, your brain can't get away from thinking it's looking at the ground. And you're not. You're looking at the opposite of what you normally see on the ground. So that again makes it impractical to bring a lot of people to look at it. Most of them would take a quick look and go home. But if they've said they would examine it and you've taken it to their lab, it'd be a much cheaper way to do it and a much higher percentage would feel obligated to really examine it, and the main thing, each of them that really took an interest in it would be able to suggest to you other people you should take it to. We don't know who these people are and this way we could have been finding out as we went along. Running up an impressive total and eventually finding 3 or 4 with real clout who could do a paper on it and get it in a prestigious publication. That's a really big problem that all for us face. You can get things published by outfits that are into this sort of thing to start with, but you can't break through with one's that would carry the impact.
Jim Green in rock pit
Photo of 5' 10" Jim Green standing in rock pit that, according to Glen Thomas, was excavated by a sasquatch. Image from On the Track of Sasquatch.
So those two things are those which I would say, if I reinterpreted your question, are the solidest evidence. The other one that needs to be mentioned is Glen Thomas' observation of the thing digging a hole in the rocks. Again, it defies explanation as to how it could have been done other than the way he says he observed. I understand it's fallen in a little since I last saw it but that was only six or seven years ago an it had been there 30 years before that without any change at all. And when I first saw it it was almost new. There was no moss on the rocks which were obviously newly exposed. And it literally - with a lot of projections because we're dealing with slabs of rock - it literally goes straight down. Jim Huken, after he retired as a wildlife biologist, said if there's one of these there should be more and went looking for them and found probably another ten. All those he found were more sloped. But that particular one was shaped more like a well with rocks weighing more than hundred pounds coming out of it. How are you going to do it? The only way a human could do it would be to take the whole hillside apart and rebuild it with a hole in the middle. The other thing is Rene and I phoned Glen Thomas at night, after dark, and asked if he'd show us this thing when we first heard about it. He said sure. So we said would you show it to us tomorrow morning? And he said sure. So we drove all night to Portland so that he had no opportunity whatsoever to set anything up for us. Once we were involved with it and looking at it, it was clear there was no way he could have anyway. He simply couldn't have done it. There's no equipment existing today he could have used. When you get a backhoe in, they make a hell of a big hole. They have to. It's the way they work.
BIP: And anybody who's ever dug a well knows how labor intensive that is and how much time it takes to rock it up again.
JG: And that won't work, you see, because then you've disturbed the moss covered rocks all around. It's going to be obvious you took it all out and put it back again. It's a different situation today, but not when the thing was new. It was only months old at the most when we first saw it.
Of course, almost every set of foot prints also reaches the same criteria that you can't find any way that they could have been faked. Another thing that the paper won't publicize - and it really surprised me - is that there's a $100,000 reward for anyone who can show how the footprints in Bluff Creek back in the 50's and 60's were faked.
BIP: $100,000 is a lot of money.
JG: Yeah, but it's no use if nobody knows about it.
BIP: There should be somebody stepping up to the plate to take a crack at it.
JG: Well, if a lot of people buy the new Best of Bigfoot, it's in there. It may get around. But literally, the newspapers just ignored that. They're so sure it has to be a hoax, I guess, but it's real. It's a real $100,000 for anybody who can do it.
BIP: Who's offering this reward?
Willow Creek - China Flat Museum
The Willow Creek-China Flat Museum.
JG: The museum in Willow Creek.
BIP: I'm sitting here talking to you and I'm thinking, what's it like to be John Green? Your thought of as a kind of "bigfoot royalty".
JG: Not by any means by everybody.
BIP: Not by everybody but by a fair number of people loyal to your thoughts and ideas. At the same time, I'm sure there's other people who say, "Oh, there goes that bigfoot fellow. He writes books about bigfoot." Wink, wink.
JG: You got that one by the wrong end. That sort of thing went on until I wrote a book. As soon as you've done something where you've made money from it, everybody understands. [Laughs]
BIP: Now you're not the hack on the corner, now you're a respected author and businessman!
JG: Yeah. It became obvious when I wrote the book. Suddenly the attitude was noticeably different. I hadn't really realized what the attitude was up until then because nobody was saying anything to my face.
BIP: People who are interested in sasquatch, like myself and the people who are going to be reading this, they invest a lot of their time - some even invest a lot of their money - searching for and researching bigfoot. How do you separate your private life from this? Or do you separate it? Is it intertwined?
JG: I never got into the condition that Rene was in, for instance. I always had a lot of other things going on. I was very fortunate that June was with me when we first saw footprints.
BIP: It helps when the other person understands what you're doing.
JG: We went down to California together with another fellow so she knew it was something real and she met Bob Titmus on that occasion.
BIP: We heard a rumor that you had a membership at the Bigfoot Forums and that you even posted there once or twice.
JG: Yes.
BIP: I think that's some information that a lot of people didn't know. That last question is from Stacy on the Bigfoot Forums. With all of the ups and downs, the joys and heartaches, with still no personal sighting of your own, was it worth it and if you had to do it again, would sasquatch be a part of your life?
JG: [Pause] Sure.
Discuss this article on the Bigfoot Forums >
Revision History
This article was originally published on the Bigfoot Information Project website (bigfootproject.org), August 8, 2004. It has not been revised.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION


By Dr. John Bindernagel
A major factor inhibiting both the dissemination of sasquatch reports and discussion of the subject is its treatment as a regional monster. We have gotten somewhat used to the monster part, but the regional nature of the issue has perhaps not been sufficiently recognized as a deterrent to serious study.
Reports of regional monsters quickly become items of local folklore and, as such, are treated as unscientific and of merely local interest. Thus we have the skunk ape or swamp monkey of Florida, the brush ape of Missouri, the Fouke monster of southwest Arkansas, and the grassman of Ohio. The list goes on and there are many I don't know about.
I was faced with this situation in 1996 when, writing my book, I came across excellent eyewitness descriptions of the sasquatch gait. The gracefulness of the gait was described by eyewitnesses in different words but all of which added up to the same smooth, graceful, ground-eating, long-striding two-footed walk. What was distressing to me what that one of the best descriptions came not from traditional sasquatch range in the Pacific Northwest, but from Ohio, in the American midwest. At that time I, like many investigators residing and working in "traditional" sasquatch range in the Pacific Northwest, tended to look somewhat askance at midwestern and eastern reports. I had fallen prey to the conditioning that is very prevalent: the sasquatch or bigfoot, if it was accepted at all, was considered to be restricted to the Pacific Northwest. This region is perceived as the only area of North America sufficiently forested and undeveloped to support a population of this species without it's members being commonly observed.
For me it was the accurate descriptions of the sasquatch gait in Ohio reports which started me thinking seriously that observers elsewhere in North America were describing the same animal as that reported more commonly here in the northwest. This led to further research regarding the possibility of widespread distribution of the sasquatch in North America. When I was exposed to some eyewitness drawings based on sightings by eyewitnesses in Ohio and Ontario (Canada), my interest was heightened. The newsletters of Don Keating of Newcomerstown, Ohio also contained some reports which were remarkable for their similarity to reports collected here in western North America.
In 1998, I traveled to Ohio to speak at a bigfoot conference organized by Don Keating and was able to spend some time in the area. During this trip I became convinced of the validity of the plaster casts of tracks collected there. I also could see for myself how a large mammal such as the sasquatch could easily exist in the extensive undeveloped tracts of land rich with potential food in the form of squirrels, rabbits, grouse, wild turkeys, etc in addition to the rich vegetation of the area.
Also in 1998, I visited investigators Wayne King and Art Cappa in Michigan.and was similarly impressed with their material and reports. These investigators had convincing reports and track casts which were consistent with material from the west. Art Cappa in particular had cast a number of sasquatch tracks from Michigan and Indiana and kindly allowed me to photograph them.
Photographs and casts of sasquatch tracks from the American midwest (Michigan) and central and eastern Canada(Manitoba and Ontario), and southern US (eastern Texas) appear on the Tracks page. Eyewitness drawings from Ohio, Manitoba, and Ontario (see Sightings) show remaekable consistency with those from British Columbia, Washington, and Alberta.
Around this time I began following up sasquatch reports in Ontario (the province in which I grew up, and continue to visit at least once a year). I was able to photograph the excellent cast made by a high school student in June, 1977. This cast illustrates an anatomical feature of the sasquatch foot occasionally observed by others. This is the relatively straight line across the base of the toes, a situation which differs from the human foot in which this line slopes towards the little toe at the outside of the foot. (This feature shows up the track cast in Texas by researcher Rand Trusty.)
In 1998 I visited northern Manitoba where I heard sasquatch reports firsthand from several eyewitnesses. In the spring of 2001, I spent 2 weeks in Manitoba and heard an additional 26 reports.
In 2001, I was invited to address the first Conference hosted by the Texas Bigfoot Society. It was held in Jefferson, in northeast Texas. My wife, Joan, and I spent most of September touring western, southwestern and south central US as part of the travel to and from the conference.
Whereas many people see the extensive coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest as great wildlife habitat, I, as a wildlife biologist, am aware that the richest wildlife habitats in this region are the small pockets of deciduous forest. Recognizing the much higher value of deciduous forest as wildlife habitat, I have less trouble accepting the presence of sasquatches in Central and eastern Canada, and the midwestern, eastern and southern US. Home ranges for a large mammal in such habitat would likely be smaller than that required in the less productive coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. (Having said that, there is one area of the Pacific Northwest that is very productive indeed. That is the coast with its rich shellfish resources.)
In 2000, I spent several days recording sasquatch reports by state and county from John Green's files. I subsequently mapped these reports to get a continental picture of the distribution of reports. I am currently attempting to publish the results. Despite shortcomings in the data, they show a number of things.
A map of western North America shows that:
(1) most reports do indeed come from provinces and states on the Pacific coast (northern California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia.)
(2) There is a band of states and provinces just interior to the west coast states and provinces which also has high numbers of reports. These states and provinces include Alberta, Idaho, and Montana.
(3) States and provinces interior to these two bands tend to have fewer reports.
(4) Remarkably to some of us, there is another part of North America, the US midwest and east, in which some states have numbers of sasquatch reports high enough to be comparable with some states and provinces in the Pacific Northwest. These states are Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Adjacent to and near these states are other states and provinces with relatively high numbers of reports: Michigan, New York, Manitoba. Somewhat by itself in southeastern US is Florida with a larger number of reports.
(5) Just as remarkable is the fact that almost every state east of the great plains has significant numbers of sasquatch reports. Texas is interesting in that most sasquatch reports from this state are from the well-wooded, well-watered eastern part, as opposed to the west Texas dry country which most people envision when they think of that state.In general terms these data support John Green's hypothesis that areas with over 20 inches of rainfall have more reports than areas with less rainfall. Very dry areas have very few reports indeed.

THE BOOK


NORTH AMERICA'S GREAT APE:
the SASQUATCH
By Dr. John Bindernagel
A wildlife biologist looks at the continent's most
misunderstood large mammal
In 1998 I published North America's Great Ape: the Sasquatch to summarize the evidence on which my sasquatch research was based. It had become clear to me that most people did not realize just how much information we already had regarding the anatomy, behavior and ecology of this controversial wildlife species. In the introductory chapters of the book I briefly addressed some of the problems of belief and knowledge regarding the idea of the sasquatch as a real animal. I felt such a discussion was necessary for us to understand the widespread resistance--approaching denial-- to accepting the sasquatch as real. I continued on to challenge two commonly held ideas that sasquatch sightings can be accounted for by (1) hoaxes, or (2) misidentified bears. My main goal in the book was to provide readers with a more complete picture of sasquatch appearance, anatomy, food habits, and ecology based on existing, but not readily available, reports. Most of the book is devoted to bringing us up to date on what is "known," or at least reported, for the sasquatch regarding its appearance, anatomical details, gait, sign, food habits, and behavior. The last few chapters develop the hypothesis, first suggested by the appearance and anatomy reported for the animal, that the sasquatch is a great ape, similar in many ways to the great apes of Africa (chimpanzees and gorillas) and Asia (orangutans). The most significant differences from these better-known great apes are, of course, (1) the habitual bipedal (two-footed) gait of the sasquatch, compared with the normal quadrupedal (four-footed) gait of other apes, and, (2) the humanlike foot of the sasquatch in which all five toes are aligned alongside each other rather than having an opposable big-toe as in the more arboreal African and Asian apes.
It should be acknowledged that author John Green has been referring to the sasquatch as an ape since the 1960s, based on the many descriptions of the sasquatch appearance as "gorillalike", and "apelike." (See his book: The Apes Among Us). And Grover Krantz (in his book Big Footprints) discusses details of ape anatomy which help us understand several details of reported sasquatch anatomy. In my own case it was the writing of these two men and the presentatons of Dr. Henner Fahrenbach, Beaverton, Oregon, and Dr. Jeff Meldrum, Idaho State University, at the 1996 Sasquatch Forum held in Harrison Hot Springs, B. C., that provided the impetus for me to publish the results of my research in an easily-readable format. While writing the book, additional study led me into what I consider the most interesting aspect of sasquatch biology--its behavior, and especially its intimidation behavior in reponse to human presence.
For years some reports of truly bizarre behavior were attributed to sasquatches. Whereas the normal response of a sasquatch to human presence is withdrawal, there are numerous reports of throwing stones, and even more aggressive behavior in the form of shaking vehicles, slapping and shoving dwellings, throwing large rocks and chunks of wood, and chasing people. Loud, resonant calls (including "unearthly" screams), and overwhelming (even "eye-watering") odor have also been reported.
To find other examples of this behavior in the animal world, we must go to the primates: monkeys, apes, and humans. In the writing of Jane Goodall and her co-workers and colleagues (The Chimpanzees of Gombe) we find numerous examples of chimpanzees throwing rocks both large and small. From Dian Fossey (Gorillas in the Mist) we learn that gorillas occasionally produce a "gagging" odor. From John MacKinnon (In Search of the Red Ape) and Birute Galdikas (Reflections of Eden) we learn of orangutans dropping branches on people and pushing snags toward them. And from George Schaller (The Mountain Gorilla) we learn about primate displays in which both apes and humans release tension by throwing things, beating on things, stamping their feet, etc. Essentially all the remarkable behavior we have heard in sasquatch reports is present in the better-studied great apes of Africa and Asia. But whereas we accept the reports of well-known primatologists concerning animals in exotic places, we have been much more reluctant to accept reports of an apelike animal which behaves in a similar way, but much closer to home. Readers with an open mind may wish to accompany me as I review the highlights of some 150 sasquatch reports and compare them with similar reports from Africa and Asia. They may conclude, as I have, that the sasquatch is indeed North America's great ape.
NORTH AMERICA'S GREAT APE: the SASQUATCH
A wildlife biologist looks at the continent's most misunderstood large mammal
Published by Beachcomber Books and available from the publisher. Orders may be placed by mail, e-mail, or by phone through a toll-free order line. The price is US$ 25.00 postpaid. Payment can be made by money order, VISA, or through PayPal (click on button below).
ISBN 0-9682887-0-7
270 pages including 9 appendixes, 5 tables, 560 supporting endnotes, and a glossary.
24 pages of illustrations including 27 photographs and 10 drawings.
5 1/2 x 8 1/2 inches, perfect bound.
Beachcomber Books
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(250) 338-8767 Toll Free Order Number: 1-800-487-1494

Praise for the Book
"In the past thirty years numerous books have been published about reported observations of giant, hairy bipeds in the forests of North America, but none by a scientist qualified to assess whether what the witnesses described added up to a believable animal. John Bindernagel, with a Ph.D. in wildlife biology and extensive field experience in more than one part of the world, has now supplied that need. North America's Great Ape: the Sasquatch could prove to be the most important book yet written on this fascinating subject."
John Green, author, The Sasquatch File, On the Track of the Sasquatch, Year of the Sasquatch, and Sasquatch: the Apes Among us
[The book is] "a fine summary of available information, neatly arranged with a lot of insight and sensible deductions."
Dr. George Schaller, author, Year of the Gorilla The Mountain Gorilla: ecology and behavior
"The book lays out the evidence in just the way a scientifically minded reader would want to see it. It uses relevant data for comparisons with the Great Apes in a wholly accurate way. The result is that the readers are challenged by the many points of similarity between sasquatch anatomy and behaviour [and that of the Great Apes]."
Dr. Vernon Reynolds, Institute of Biological Anthropology, Oxford University, author, The Apes: the gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan and gibbon
"North America's Great Ape: the Sasquatch is complete, thorough and interesting. The insights from a wildlife biologist's point of view are superb. I recommend this book for anyone interested in thinking about the fact that all of the mysteries of Nature have not been solved....Taking the 'logical approach' of a wildlife biologist, Bindernagel sees his book as groundbreaking. I would have to agree....I am struck by Bindernagel's down-to-earth and welcome insights."
Loren Coleman, author, Mysterious America, co-author Creatures of the Outer Edge, in the Maine Sunday Telegram
"Now comes North America's Great Ape: the Sasquatch, by Dr. John A. Bindernagel, a registered professional biologist in British Columbia, holder of a hard-earned University of Wisconsin Ph.D., and, most importantly in my opinion, a man with over 3 decades of actual field experience.... It's a trade paper back of some 270 well-written and effectively illustrated pages and well worth the price...
George Early, book reviewer and member of the Western Bigfoot Society, in The Gate

Top Secret: US Navy SEAL’s Cryptid Ape Video


Top Secret: US Navy SEAL’s Cryptid Ape Video
Cryptomundo Exclusive
Written by Loren Coleman
I’ve learned, through a confidential source, that at least one unit of the US Navy SEAL (Sea, Air, Land) has had a remarkable recent encounter with unknown apes in Africa. And a video was taken. We are seeking additional confirmation and other eyewitnesses. Have any hints of this story come your way?
Due to the sensitive nature of this former US Navy SEAL’s intelligence-gathering work, at this time we cannot reveal his identity. Hopefully our posting this initial information will develop other sources and confirmations from current and former SEAL members involved, and from interested researchers with hints of the story.
What the former SEAL relates is that he was involved in covert operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1997 and 2002. According to his account, his team observed a group of thirteen "chimpanzee-like" creatures between 4.5 to 5 feet tall, uniformly gray all over their bodies, with rows of seemingly porcupine-like quills running the length of their backs.
The unidentified apes walked bipedally and were observed by the SEAL team in the act of killing another animal. When the creatures became excited or agitated, the quills or spines stood erect from their bodies.
According to this informant, the US Navy SEAL team took three minutes of video footage of these creatures, but this tape apparently has been classified, due to their mission. This SEAL member still has his mission maps and is able to pinpoint the area of the encounter with this large group of bipedal apes.
The involvement of a US Navy SEAL team would indicate that their activity employed water as a means of transportation, and/or they were working in an area involving a lake, river, or swamp.
What could these strangely-haired unknown apes be? Their description, overtly, sounds like similar hairy short upright creatures (with bizarre spiked hair) known to inhabit areas near certain bodies of water and from specific islands. Various regional names (chupacabras, kappa) hide the fact they all resemble each other in their number of digits, spiked hair, aggressiveness, and aquatic habits. But let’s just look to Africa alone, today.
Weird rumblings have been heard from the Congo for decades. In Ivan T. Sanderson’s Abominable Snowmen: Legend Come to Life, there is mention of animal collector Charles Cordier finding the small tracks of what the locals called the kakundakari in the Congo in 1961.
I have previously written about an African hominoid that matches the Congolese reports of the Navy SEAL, those of the Madagascar natives’ kalanoro, a short, three-toed, bipedal, water-dwelling, mean, scruffy-hair hominoid.
All the tribes of island of Madagascar, located off the east coast of Africa, know of the Kalanoro, according to folklorist Raymond Decary, who researched the common themes connecting the stories of the Kalanoro back in the 1950s. In 1889, a capture of a Kalanoro was reported to the Royal Geographical Society. In 1924, Chase Salmon Osborn described his sighting of two Kalanoro mating.
The Father of Cryptozoology also took an interest in them. These “legends may be fantastic," wrote Belgium cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans in 1955, but "they are found all over Madagascar, and it would be odd if they were utterly without foundation," especially given the fact that "some areas of Madagascar are still almost unexplored, such as the Ambongo reserve and the lonely Isalo mountains, and there are still some 3 or 4 million hectares of virgin forest…”
The aggressive nature of the Kalanoro comes through in a few accounts, and mirrors the behavior in the SEAL’s account. The Kalanoro are also known to abduct children, and search Madagascar’s villages for food.
How recent are the encounters with these hairy, three-toed Kalanoro with their hooked fingers and aggressive habits? Professor Joe Hobbs of the University of Missouri-Columbia’s Department of Geography, studied them, while he was with the local tribes in the Ankarana Special Reserve, Madagascar, during the late 1990s. On May 15, 2000, when Hobbs wrote his report, he talked of how the people of the village of Ambalakedi consider Andoboara Cave “sacred because on three separate occasions, most recently just two years ago, grief-stricken parents whose children had wandered into the forest had recovered them alive here" after food was left out for the Kalanoro in exchange for their children’s return.
If the US Navy SEAL report is correct, there may be something quite similar to the Kalanoro living in the Congo area too.
And if the Congo SEAL encounter was so very extraordinary, others may have talked about, it in passing. Since this "unknown hominoid" piece of the mission does not involve national security, but may extend cryptozoological knowledge, it is time to learn more, release the video footage, and analyze what was seen.
Do you have further information on this US Navy report? Please send what you’ve heard our way, via the comments’ section or let us know you want further contact through back channels.
Kalanoro
Harry Trumbore’s drawing of Africa’s kalanoro, from the forthcoming The Field Guide to Bigfoot, to be published by Anomalist Books. Copyright 2006, Loren Coleman and Patrick Huyghe.

Book Review

[back to index] Dr. Grover S. Krantz,
Bigfoot Sasquatch: Evidence
(Hancock House, 1999)
Is there really such a creature as Bigfoot? Bigfoot Sasquatch: Evidence was written by a professor of anthropology who has done research into the creature for both academic and personal reasons since 1963. The book examines the evidence relating to the creature since the mid-1960s and includes 27 years of active research and experience with the subject.
Of the books that I have found on Bigfoot, this one makes the strongest case for existence and uses the best scientific reasoning to support it. The author carefully explains the most common questions, like why there have been no bones found and why it is so difficult to capture a live specimen. He is thorough and meticulous with the details.
Grover Krantz writes in a laidback, scientific style that is not quite scholarly, yet certainly not conversational. He is the serious, all-business author who has information to dispense and only a limited amount of space in which to deliver it. This is what I want when I am looking for the facts on a subject, so I really like his writing style for this type of book. If he were conversational or witty, we would all disregard him for not being serious enough.
The photographs, diagrams and illustrations will keep your mind busy for hours. After you set the book down, you will experience "flashbacks" to these pages and will again weigh the positives against the negatives. Are there any other answers? Did Krantz examine all the theories and eliminate each? Thus, this is a thought-provoking, theory-sparking book that every curious person should read at least twice.
I was impressed with the bibliography. I had no idea there was so much information available about Bigfoot. The index is also impressive. No matter what you seek about the creature, you can find it here easily. Like the rest of his work, it is thorough.
Krantz, who died in February 2002, paid a huge price for the release of this book -- he was passed over for promotion at the University of Washington, even though he held a Ph.D. in his field, and he became a laughingstock among his peers for taking the subject seriously. This man, who holds claim to being the first to apply ratiocination to the subject, should be remembered as a pioneer in the scientific field of Bigfoot studies. Only the future will prove or disprove his theory that Bigfoot is actually one of the Gigantopithecus blackii that have been believed to be extinct.
Bigfoot Sasquatch: Evidence is the scientifically oriented book about Bigfoot. If you want the hard facts, data analysis and evidence comparisons, order this book and set aside any doubts about the subject. By the end, Krantz will leave no room for skepticism. This is a no-nonsense book for the person that seriously seeks answers to their questions about Bigfoot, but it is also quite nice reading material. Any person with an interest in cryptozoology, mysteries, the natural world or the Pacific Coast region will enjoy this book.

Thursday, January 12, 2006

Theories (What is Bigfoot)






The Gigantopithecus Theory
Until a bigfoot is caught, killed, or found we will not know for sure what bigfoot is. A popular theory with researchers right now is that Bigfoot is a serviving decendant of Gigantopithecus Blacki. The Gigantopithecus, said to be a giant ape, is believed to have died out 400,000 years ago. In 1935 G.H.R. Von Koenigswald discovered some large fossil teeth in an apothecary shop in Hong Kong. The shop owner claimed they were dragons teeth. Since then 3 jaw bones were found and over one thousand teeth. These are the only bones of Gigantopithecus that we have. There is a debate as to wether Gigantopithecus walked erect or on all fours. The lower jaw bone seems to indicate that Gigantopithecus was bipedal.
Dr. Grover Krantz believes Bigfoot is a decendant of Gigantopithecus. He explains bellow.
Click on images
gigantotheory045.jpg gigantotheory05.jpg gigantotheory10.jpg gigantotheory11.jpg
Transcription of Dr. Krantz's apearance on Arthur C. Clarks Mysterious Universe. 1980
I think bigfoot is an animal we already know from the focil record. I'll show you a specimen here. This is a cast of the lower jaw a what we call the Gigantopithecus. This lived in china about a half million to a million years ago. I'd like to compare this with the gorilla. This is a cast of a gorilla's skull so you can see the size of this thing. This was an animal that probably weighed about 400 pounds in the wild. And just looking at the lower jaw alone. What's perhaps most interesting is from the underside of the jaw, there's a diference. In the gorilla the two sides of the jaw spreads only modestly as you go back, because the gorillas neck is so far behind the lower jaw. If that neck were move foward, the jaw would have to widen to make space. In the gigantopithecus, the jaw is spreading at a much wider angle and the only obvious reason for that is the neck is in the way and that means that the head was set on top of the body instead of hung foward and it's a fair persumption that this was an errect bipedal animal. So we end up with the description of gigantopithecus being an erect biped, standing perhspd 8 feet tall weighing about 800 pounds and being presumably covered with hair, this was to early to have cultural activity, probaly no more inteligent than an ape, and this of course is an exact discription of the living sasquatch.
giganto and human jaw
An adult male Gigantopithecus jaw compared with a human jaw.
The hominid Versus Ape Debate
The majority of researchers believe that Bigfoot is a hominid. But this seems to contradict the Gigantopithecus theory. The reason for this is that there is very little fosil remains of most of the known hominids and even far less of Gigantopithecus. If Bigfoot turns out to be related to one of the known hominids, It will most likely be related to Australopithecus(Paranthropus) robustus.
The Alien and Psychic Theories
There are a growing number of reports of Bigfoots being sited on or near UFOs or acompaning UFO occupants(Aliens). Most researchers do not bother with them, considering it to be nonsense or irrelevent, believing Bigfoot to be a flesh and blood terestrial animal native to this planet. There is no evidence whatsoever to conclude that Bigfoot is alien. I do not believe Bigfoot is alien, however I do not discount the possibility that there may be some truth to some of these reports. Because of the lack of any evidence aside from these reports, I can only offer my own theories.
If UFOs and alien abductions are occuring, it is not unlikely that alien contact with bigfoot does occur. Bigfoot, being a much more primative and less culturaly developed hominid than man, would enjoy the benifit of a much more conscient and interactive relationship with these highly advanced and technologicaly superior exterestrial race of beings. A primative race of hominids would not have a complex and structured social order that can be threatened, they do not have media and advanced comunications that could spread panic and disinformation, they can not be corupted by the missuse of advanced technology(what would bigfoot do with an antimatter powered gravity wave generator? Throw it at a deer. Bang it against a tree). They may not even understand what the aliens are. Bigfoot is already in the company of more advanced beings than themselves, man. The diference being that aliens have the capabilties to find and comunicate with bigfoot. I am in no way saying that bigfoot is not inteligent. They are just not as technologicaly and culturaly advanced as humans.
As for Bigfoot being telepathic, that may be residual capabilities developed from alien contact(if that does occur). Perhaps Bigfoot is more in tune with nature and with themselves that they can telepath. I personally feel that bigfoot is no more telepathic than humans are. The ability to telepath may be present in both humans and bigfoot. There is no evidence of telepathy between bigfoot and humans or between themselves in any of the credible eyewitness reports that I am familiar with. At this stage in Bigfoot research, telepathy is irrelevent.
Disapearing and teleporting into other dimensions is well beyond my limit of belief. I find these claims totaly ridiculous. The same goes for Bigfoot being able to astral project and controling the weather.

From the Teeth of the Dragon - Gigantopithecus blacki


by Eric Pettifor
In ancient Greek mythology a hero named Jason yoked two fire breathing bulls and plowed a field. Into the furrows he sowed dragons' teeth from which sprang men (Hamilton, 1942).
The Chinese have for centuries sold 'dragons' teeth and bones to be ground up as a medicinal. These bones are actually ancient fossils. In 1935 G.H.R. Von Koenigswald discovered a fossil tooth in an apothecary shop in Hong Kong (von Koenigswald, 1952). Since then 3 jaw bones and over a thousand teeth have been recovered, not only in apothecary shops but in situ as well (Ciochon, Olsen, & James, 1990). They are the remains of an extinct ape, Gigantopithecus blacki. There are sites where Gigantopithecus blacki remains occur along with Homo erectus, such as at Tham Khuyen in Viet Nam, and in the Hubei and Sichuan provinces of China (Ciochon et al., 1990). At Tham Khuyen the remains of a potential competitor for bamboo, a proposed major food source of Gigantopithecus blacki, were found as well: the giant panda, now extinct in Viet Nam (Ciochon et al., 1990). Gigantopithecus teeth from Wuming, China have been dated to the middle Pleistocene, around 400,000 B.P., by faunal association. Homo erectus was in Asia by that time and may have played a role in the extinction of Gigantopithecus (Ciochon et al., 1990)
Appearance
According to Ciochon et al. (1990), Gigantopithecus blacki was 10 feet tall and weighed 1,200 pounds. This is speculative, since it is with some uncertainty that one reconstructs such a massive creature from a few jaw bones and teeth, however many. The way they arrived at this picture was first to estimate the size of the head from the jaw, and then to use a head/body ratio of 1:6.5 in order to determine the body size. For comparison they cite a head/body ratio of 1:8 for the Australopithecus afarensis specimen known as 'Lucy'. The more conservative ratio for Gigantopithecus was arrived at out of consideration of the massive jaw as an adaptation to the mastication of fibrous plant matter (probably bamboo). Gigantopithecus was probably proportionally a markedly big jawed creature. For the head shape they based their assumptions on the orangutan, since evolutionarily they place Gigantopithecus on the same line as the orangutan, finding a common ancestor for them both in Sivapithecus. However, the orangutan could not serve as a model for the body, since it is unlikely that a 1,200 pound ape would be as arboreal. Therefore they chose the largest primates known, the gorilla and the extinct giant baboon Theropithecus oswaldi, as their models for the body. They gave Gigantopithecus an intermembral index 108 (gorilla at 120 + Theropithecus at 95 divide by 2 = 108 rounded up - very scientific!) (Ciochon et al., 1990).
Since Ciochon (et al, 1990) with aid of Bill Munn (Hollywood monster maker/dinosaur reflesher) were interested as well in building a very impressive life size model we would be wise to consider the dimensions with some caution, and note that they represent the biggest Gigantopithecus that could be built rationalized from the actual remains, and that it is a male. Females may have been half the size of the males, since the teeth fall markedly into two distinct size groupings (Ciochon et al., 1990), as I will discuss later in terms of sexual dimorphism and what inferences have been drawn.
Elwyn L. Simons and Peter C. Ettel (1970) paint a somewhat different picture. They trace Gigantopithecus back to a dryopithicine origin and their corresponding reconstruction is essentially a giant gorilla, 9 feet tall, weighing 600 pounds. It is not nearly as attractive as the giant orangutan/gorilla cross created by Ciochon et al. and Bill Munn (1990)
Sexual Dimorphism
Simons and Ettel (1970) do go into greater detail regarding the mandibles, however, and speculate that the size differential between two of them (Mandibles I and III) reflects sexual dimorphism. The way that the teeth fall into two distinct categories was discovered by Charles Oxnard, an Australian anatomist, when he analyzed 735 Gigantopithecus teeth. All teeth from the first incisors through the third molars occurred in both groups in equal numbers (Oxnard, 1987, cited in Ciochon et al., 1990). Furthermore, the size differential is greater than that occurring in any living primate including both gorillas and orangutans. Ciochon (et al., 1990) note that in living species this usually indicates competition between males for multiple females, but go on to note Oxnard's argument that the equal numbers of males and females suggests general promiscuity free from competition. "The resultant increased proportion of females pregnant at any one time under such a system (perhaps almost all of them), together with harsh environmental conditions, including fierce predator pressure, could combine to produce small inter- or intra-sexual selection, but strong sex-role differences and therefore strong sexual dimorphism." (Oxnard, 1987, cited in Ciochon et al, 1990). This sounds good, but does not address the fact that even in species with marked sexual dimorphism and sexual competition, males and females will be born in more or less equal numbers and can reasonably be expected to leave behind equal numbers of teeth. It seems that this is an instance where complex social behaviour is difficult to determine solely from physical remains, especially remains as regrettably incomplete as those of Gigantopithecus. If there are analogies to be made with living primates exhibiting marked sexual dimorphism, equal numbers of surviving male and female teeth cannot be a factor in the analysis.
Geographical Distribution
Geographical distribution is likewise sketchy, since the majority of remains are from one site, Liucheng Cave in Liuzhou, China, though there have been other finds in Viet Nam and in China, so that we may define south east Asia as the range of Gigantopithecus blacki. A separate species of Gigantopithecus, Gigantipithecus giganteus, was found in northern India, but this specimen predates Gigantopithecus blacki by about five million years, and there is some controversy as to the exact nature of its relationship. Simons and Ettel (1970) place it as directly ancestral to Gigantopithecus blacki, while David W. Frayer (1972) argues that it is ancestral to the Australopithicines, only to be refuted by Robert S. Corrucini (1973) on the basis of multivariate analysis and so on. Physical remains for this species are even rarer than for Gigantopithecus blacki and the opportunity for speculation and statistical gamesmanship is correspondingly greater.
Locomotion
Ciochon et al., (1990) speculate that given its size Gigantopithecus blacki was a ground dwelling ape, probably a knuckle walker, though it could just as easily been a fist walker, the exact nature of its locomotion is impossible to ascertain from mandibles. Given its mass it could not have been a gibbon-like brachiator.
Diet
When considering diet, the teeth can provide us with stronger clues via analysis of opal phytoliths.
An alternative technique [to analysis of wear patterns and other conventional methods of ascertaining diet] based on the identification of opal phytoliths found bonded to the enamel surfaces of the teeth of extinct species allows for identification of the actual plant remains eaten by an animal prior to its death. Thus the vegetative dietary preferences of an extinct species no longer have to be inferred but can be demonstrated directly through the identification of phytoliths, the inorganic remains of plant cells, on the teeth of extinct species.
(Russell L. Ciochon, Dolores R. Piperno, and Robert G. Thompson, 1990)
In an analysis of 4 Gigantopithecus teeth, Ciochon et al. (2) (1990) identified 30 structures which were "indisputably phytoliths" on two of the teeth. These thirty broke down into two categories: the vegetative parts of grasses, and the fruits and seeds of dicotyledons.
Prior to the phytolith study Ciochon was pursuing a theory of massive bamboo consumption on the part of Gigantopithecus using analogy to the penchant of other megaherbivores to depend upon a single or limited number of plants. Creatures the size of Gigantopithecus would need a source which existed in abundance. The most likely candidate is bamboo. Further, the teeth seemed to point in that direction as well:
The molar teeth of Giganto are low-crowned and flat, with very thick enamel caps. The premolars are molarized: that is, they have become broad and flattened, and thus resemble molars. The canine teeth are not sharp and pointed, but are rather broad and flat, more like what one would expect premolars to be; the incisors are small, peglike, and closely packed. These observations, combined with the massive jaw morphology, make it really an inevitable conclusion that the animal was adapted to the consumption of tough fibrous foods by cutting, crushing, and grinding them.
(Ciochon et al., 1990)
Ciochon et al., (1990) then go on to compare this morphology with that of the giant panda, another bamboo eater, and infers a diet of bamboo for Gigantopithecus.
While bamboo is a grass, the phytolith analysis does not technically either confirm or deny this theory, since it is not capable of defining the type of grass the phytolith came from. What was surprising to Ciochon was the suggestion of fruit in the diet of Gigantopithecus. Ciochon et al (2) (1990) have identified the fruit as belonging to a species in the family Moraceae or a closely related family and state "Judging from the present frequency of dental phytoliths in Gigantopithecus, fruits may have constituted a significant portion of the diet," and go on to note that the high sugar content of this type of fruit may be responsible for the high incidence of cavities in Gigantopithecus teeth (11%).
The results of this study are reported in less complete and less technical terms in the book Other Origins (Ciochon et al, 1990), and in a review of that book Jeffrey H. Schwartz (1991) notes that a great deal is being drawn from the analysis of four teeth, upon only two of which were found phytoliths, with the greatest concentration on only one. Clearly a larger sample of teeth need to be similarly analyzed, but reading the report it is difficult not to share Ciochon's (et al. (2) 1990) excitement at the findings and for the employment of this technique in paleoanthropology in general.
Extinction
Ciochon (et al. 1990) propose three factors as being potentially related to the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki and all are interrelated: dependence on bamboo, the giant panda, and Homo erectus. Bamboo is prone to periodic die offs, the exact reason for which is unknown. The giant panda was contemprous with Gigantopithecus blacki and may have been in competition with it for the same food source. The final straw, however, may have been the introduction of Homo erectus into the region. All three creatures, panda, Giganto, and Homo, may have been fond of the sprouts of the bamboo as a food source (as are living pandas), which means that plants would have been consumed before they had a chance to reach maturity and reproduce. Further, Homo erectus may have been using bamboo for tools. In archaeology it was traditionally assumed that Asia was a cultural backwater during the stone age due to its lack of sophisticated stone tool kits like those found in Europe, but this attitude is changing as consideration is given to the wide variety of uses of bamboo, not only in theory, but as witnessed in practice in Asia through historical times into the present. Likewise, there is much debate around Homo erectus' proclivity for hunting, but another possible factor in the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki is that it may have been hunted. Ciochon (et al., 1990) believes that it was likely a combination of factors, with the entry of Homo erectus into Gigantopithecus' range upsetting an already delicate balance. No one factor was likely absolute. For example, if Homo erectus had monopolized the fruit supply it would have left Gigantopithecus blacki with no back up when a periodic bamboo die off occurred. This coupled with competition from the giant panda and sporadic hunting could have been enough to reduce breeding populations of Gigantopithecus below viable levels. (Ciochon et al., 1990)
The Myths
Some suggest that Gigantopithecus blacki did not in fact become extinct, and continues to exist as the Sasquatch and the Yeti. Gigantopithecus blacki could have crossed the Bering Land Bridge, the same way humans are thought to have entered the New World (Geoffrey Bourne, 1975, cited in Ciochon et al., 1990). So far, though there have been many alleged sightings, no indisputable physical evidence has been recovered. One is led to suspect that the question of Sasquatch (and related entities) is more for comparative mythology, cultural anthropology, or psychology, since an actual creature the size of Gigantopithecus blacki existing in numbers sufficient to qualify as a breeding population would not only leave physical remains, but would have an observable effect on their environment.
An old Sherpa once observed: "There is a yeti in the back of everyone's mind; only the blessed are not haunted by it."
Lama Surya Das, A Yeti Tale
formerly at http://www.dzogchen.org/yeti/ytale1.html
Conclusion
We have cast the dragon's teeth, and something has sprung up. Is it a giant with the pleasing features of an orangutan and the impressive body of a gorilla? Perhaps it is a mega-gorilla, a prototype King Kong. Perhaps it will turn out to be something really surprising. One thing, though, is clear.
We need more data. blank space - 0.1 K to Archaeology to Greater Anthropologyto contents
From the Teeth of the Dragon - Gigantopithecus blacki
by Eric Pettifor
In ancient Greek mythology a hero named Jason yoked two fire breathing bulls and plowed a field. Into the furrows he sowed dragons' teeth from which sprang men (Hamilton, 1942).
The Chinese have for centuries sold 'dragons' teeth and bones to be ground up as a medicinal. These bones are actually ancient fossils. In 1935 G.H.R. Von Koenigswald discovered a fossil tooth in an apothecary shop in Hong Kong (von Koenigswald, 1952). Since then 3 jaw bones and over a thousand teeth have been recovered, not only in apothecary shops but in situ as well (Ciochon, Olsen, & James, 1990). They are the remains of an extinct ape, Gigantopithecus blacki. There are sites where Gigantopithecus blacki remains occur along with Homo erectus, such as at Tham Khuyen in Viet Nam, and in the Hubei and Sichuan provinces of China (Ciochon et al., 1990). At Tham Khuyen the remains of a potential competitor for bamboo, a proposed major food source of Gigantopithecus blacki, were found as well: the giant panda, now extinct in Viet Nam (Ciochon et al., 1990). Gigantopithecus teeth from Wuming, China have been dated to the middle Pleistocene, around 400,000 B.P., by faunal association. Homo erectus was in Asia by that time and may have played a role in the extinction of Gigantopithecus (Ciochon et al., 1990)
Appearance
According to Ciochon et al. (1990), Gigantopithecus blacki was 10 feet tall and weighed 1,200 pounds. This is speculative, since it is with some uncertainty that one reconstructs such a massive creature from a few jaw bones and teeth, however many. The way they arrived at this picture was first to estimate the size of the head from the jaw, and then to use a head/body ratio of 1:6.5 in order to determine the body size. For comparison they cite a head/body ratio of 1:8 for the Australopithecus afarensis specimen known as 'Lucy'. The more conservative ratio for Gigantopithecus was arrived at out of consideration of the massive jaw as an adaptation to the mastication of fibrous plant matter (probably bamboo). Gigantopithecus was probably proportionally a markedly big jawed creature. For the head shape they based their assumptions on the orangutan, since evolutionarily they place Gigantopithecus on the same line as the orangutan, finding a common ancestor for them both in Sivapithecus. However, the orangutan could not serve as a model for the body, since it is unlikely that a 1,200 pound ape would be as arboreal. Therefore they chose the largest primates known, the gorilla and the extinct giant baboon Theropithecus oswaldi, as their models for the body. They gave Gigantopithecus an intermembral index 108 (gorilla at 120 + Theropithecus at 95 divide by 2 = 108 rounded up - very scientific!) (Ciochon et al., 1990).
Since Ciochon (et al, 1990) with aid of Bill Munn (Hollywood monster maker/dinosaur reflesher) were interested as well in building a very impressive life size model we would be wise to consider the dimensions with some caution, and note that they represent the biggest Gigantopithecus that could be built rationalized from the actual remains, and that it is a male. Females may have been half the size of the males, since the teeth fall markedly into two distinct size groupings (Ciochon et al., 1990), as I will discuss later in terms of sexual dimorphism and what inferences have been drawn.
Elwyn L. Simons and Peter C. Ettel (1970) paint a somewhat different picture. They trace Gigantopithecus back to a dryopithicine origin and their corresponding reconstruction is essentially a giant gorilla, 9 feet tall, weighing 600 pounds. It is not nearly as attractive as the giant orangutan/gorilla cross created by Ciochon et al. and Bill Munn (1990)
Sexual Dimorphism
Simons and Ettel (1970) do go into greater detail regarding the mandibles, however, and speculate that the size differential between two of them (Mandibles I and III) reflects sexual dimorphism. The way that the teeth fall into two distinct categories was discovered by Charles Oxnard, an Australian anatomist, when he analyzed 735 Gigantopithecus teeth. All teeth from the first incisors through the third molars occurred in both groups in equal numbers (Oxnard, 1987, cited in Ciochon et al., 1990). Furthermore, the size differential is greater than that occurring in any living primate including both gorillas and orangutans. Ciochon (et al., 1990) note that in living species this usually indicates competition between males for multiple females, but go on to note Oxnard's argument that the equal numbers of males and females suggests general promiscuity free from competition. "The resultant increased proportion of females pregnant at any one time under such a system (perhaps almost all of them), together with harsh environmental conditions, including fierce predator pressure, could combine to produce small inter- or intra-sexual selection, but strong sex-role differences and therefore strong sexual dimorphism." (Oxnard, 1987, cited in Ciochon et al, 1990). This sounds good, but does not address the fact that even in species with marked sexual dimorphism and sexual competition, males and females will be born in more or less equal numbers and can reasonably be expected to leave behind equal numbers of teeth. It seems that this is an instance where complex social behaviour is difficult to determine solely from physical remains, especially remains as regrettably incomplete as those of Gigantopithecus. If there are analogies to be made with living primates exhibiting marked sexual dimorphism, equal numbers of surviving male and female teeth cannot be a factor in the analysis.
Geographical Distribution
Geographical distribution is likewise sketchy, since the majority of remains are from one site, Liucheng Cave in Liuzhou, China, though there have been other finds in Viet Nam and in China, so that we may define south east Asia as the range of Gigantopithecus blacki. A separate species of Gigantopithecus, Gigantipithecus giganteus, was found in northern India, but this specimen predates Gigantopithecus blacki by about five million years, and there is some controversy as to the exact nature of its relationship. Simons and Ettel (1970) place it as directly ancestral to Gigantopithecus blacki, while David W. Frayer (1972) argues that it is ancestral to the Australopithicines, only to be refuted by Robert S. Corrucini (1973) on the basis of multivariate analysis and so on. Physical remains for this species are even rarer than for Gigantopithecus blacki and the opportunity for speculation and statistical gamesmanship is correspondingly greater.
Locomotion
Ciochon et al., (1990) speculate that given its size Gigantopithecus blacki was a ground dwelling ape, probably a knuckle walker, though it could just as easily been a fist walker, the exact nature of its locomotion is impossible to ascertain from mandibles. Given its mass it could not have been a gibbon-like brachiator.
Diet
When considering diet, the teeth can provide us with stronger clues via analysis of opal phytoliths.
An alternative technique [to analysis of wear patterns and other conventional methods of ascertaining diet] based on the identification of opal phytoliths found bonded to the enamel surfaces of the teeth of extinct species allows for identification of the actual plant remains eaten by an animal prior to its death. Thus the vegetative dietary preferences of an extinct species no longer have to be inferred but can be demonstrated directly through the identification of phytoliths, the inorganic remains of plant cells, on the teeth of extinct species.
(Russell L. Ciochon, Dolores R. Piperno, and Robert G. Thompson, 1990)
In an analysis of 4 Gigantopithecus teeth, Ciochon et al. (2) (1990) identified 30 structures which were "indisputably phytoliths" on two of the teeth. These thirty broke down into two categories: the vegetative parts of grasses, and the fruits and seeds of dicotyledons.
Prior to the phytolith study Ciochon was pursuing a theory of massive bamboo consumption on the part of Gigantopithecus using analogy to the penchant of other megaherbivores to depend upon a single or limited number of plants. Creatures the size of Gigantopithecus would need a source which existed in abundance. The most likely candidate is bamboo. Further, the teeth seemed to point in that direction as well:
The molar teeth of Giganto are low-crowned and flat, with very thick enamel caps. The premolars are molarized: that is, they have become broad and flattened, and thus resemble molars. The canine teeth are not sharp and pointed, but are rather broad and flat, more like what one would expect premolars to be; the incisors are small, peglike, and closely packed. These observations, combined with the massive jaw morphology, make it really an inevitable conclusion that the animal was adapted to the consumption of tough fibrous foods by cutting, crushing, and grinding them.
(Ciochon et al., 1990)
Ciochon et al., (1990) then go on to compare this morphology with that of the giant panda, another bamboo eater, and infers a diet of bamboo for Gigantopithecus.
While bamboo is a grass, the phytolith analysis does not technically either confirm or deny this theory, since it is not capable of defining the type of grass the phytolith came from. What was surprising to Ciochon was the suggestion of fruit in the diet of Gigantopithecus. Ciochon et al (2) (1990) have identified the fruit as belonging to a species in the family Moraceae or a closely related family and state "Judging from the present frequency of dental phytoliths in Gigantopithecus, fruits may have constituted a significant portion of the diet," and go on to note that the high sugar content of this type of fruit may be responsible for the high incidence of cavities in Gigantopithecus teeth (11%).
The results of this study are reported in less complete and less technical terms in the book Other Origins (Ciochon et al, 1990), and in a review of that book Jeffrey H. Schwartz (1991) notes that a great deal is being drawn from the analysis of four teeth, upon only two of which were found phytoliths, with the greatest concentration on only one. Clearly a larger sample of teeth need to be similarly analyzed, but reading the report it is difficult not to share Ciochon's (et al. (2) 1990) excitement at the findings and for the employment of this technique in paleoanthropology in general.
Extinction
Ciochon (et al. 1990) propose three factors as being potentially related to the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki and all are interrelated: dependence on bamboo, the giant panda, and Homo erectus. Bamboo is prone to periodic die offs, the exact reason for which is unknown. The giant panda was contemprous with Gigantopithecus blacki and may have been in competition with it for the same food source. The final straw, however, may have been the introduction of Homo erectus into the region. All three creatures, panda, Giganto, and Homo, may have been fond of the sprouts of the bamboo as a food source (as are living pandas), which means that plants would have been consumed before they had a chance to reach maturity and reproduce. Further, Homo erectus may have been using bamboo for tools. In archaeology it was traditionally assumed that Asia was a cultural backwater during the stone age due to its lack of sophisticated stone tool kits like those found in Europe, but this attitude is changing as consideration is given to the wide variety of uses of bamboo, not only in theory, but as witnessed in practice in Asia through historical times into the present. Likewise, there is much debate around Homo erectus' proclivity for hunting, but another possible factor in the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki is that it may have been hunted. Ciochon (et al., 1990) believes that it was likely a combination of factors, with the entry of Homo erectus into Gigantopithecus' range upsetting an already delicate balance. No one factor was likely absolute. For example, if Homo erectus had monopolized the fruit supply it would have left Gigantopithecus blacki with no back up when a periodic bamboo die off occurred. This coupled with competition from the giant panda and sporadic hunting could have been enough to reduce breeding populations of Gigantopithecus below viable levels. (Ciochon et al., 1990)
The Myths
Some suggest that Gigantopithecus blacki did not in fact become extinct, and continues to exist as the Sasquatch and the Yeti. Gigantopithecus blacki could have crossed the Bering Land Bridge, the same way humans are thought to have entered the New World (Geoffrey Bourne, 1975, cited in Ciochon et al., 1990). So far, though there have been many alleged sightings, no indisputable physical evidence has been recovered. One is led to suspect that the question of Sasquatch (and related entities) is more for comparative mythology, cultural anthropology, or psychology, since an actual creature the size of Gigantopithecus blacki existing in numbers sufficient to qualify as a breeding population would not only leave physical remains, but would have an observable effect on their environment.
An old Sherpa once observed: "There is a yeti in the back of everyone's mind; only the blessed are not haunted by it."
Lama Surya Das, A Yeti Tale
formerly at http://www.dzogchen.org/yeti/ytale1.html
Conclusion
We have cast the dragon's teeth, and something has sprung up. Is it a giant with the pleasing features of an orangutan and the impressive body of a gorilla? Perhaps it is a mega-gorilla, a prototype King Kong. Perhaps it will turn out to be something really surprising. One thing, though, is clear.
We need more data.
References
Ciochon, Russell L., Dolores R. Piperno, and Robert G. Thompson, 1990. Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape Gigantopithecus blacki: Implications for paleodietary studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87: 8120-8124.
Ciochon, Russel L., John Olsen, and Jamie James, 1990. Other Origins: The Search for the Giant Ape in Human Prehistory. New York: Bantam Books.
Corruccini, Robert S. 1973. Multivariate Analysis of Gigantopithecus Mandibles. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 42: 167-170.
Frayer, David W. 1972. Gigantopithecus and Its Relationship to Australopithecus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 39: 413-426.
Hamilton, Edith 1942. Mythology. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Schwartz, Jeffry H. 1991. Book Review of Other Origins: The Search for the Giant Ape In Human Origins. American Anthropologist, 93: 1029-1030.
Simons, Elwyn L., and Peter C. Ettel 1970. Gigantopithecus. Scientific American, January, 1970: 77-85.
Von Koenigswald, G.H.R. 1952. Gigantopithecus blacki Von Koenigswald, a giant fossil hominoid from the pleistocene of southern China. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 43: 295-325
Thoughts or Comments (?)